There are two tenses used within the invitation letter, the present and the future. The present tense conveys information about the event and the future tense ensures the guest is going to attend.

Here's How:
1. Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
2. Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
3. Place.
4. Date.
5. Time.
6. RSVP date and phone number.
7. Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
8. Rain date (if any).
9. Be specific about who is invited, whether address only, with guest, or with spouse and children.

Tips:
1. Always send written invitations for formal events such as business gatherings, formal dinners, and special occasions like showers, weddings or events honoring someone.

2. If guests are not from your local area, include a map to location of event.

3. Send anywhere from 8 - 2 weeks in advance depending on formality of occasion. Weddings require the longest lead-time; casual dinners and brunches require the least.

4. Offerins invitation
->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

5. Accepting invitation
->Yes,I’d love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.

6. Reffusing
->If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.
->Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
->I have got another appointment.
->I’m sorry.
->I’ve lost to work to do.

EXAMPLE :
Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?

Accepting (menerima)
I like that
That sounds good
Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
I like that but I can’t
I’m very sorry for not able to come
Sorry, I’m very busy

• the members of a religious community living together
• the audience gathered together in a theatre or cinema
• an official assembly having legislative powers
• aristocratic family line

• play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults

          (astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided

• the management of a gambling house or casino
• a social unit living together
• a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented
• a building in which something is sheltered or located

as Verbs

• contain or cover
• provide housing for

vocabulary around the house

video material about vocabulary around the house :

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

• at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday
• at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays
• at noon in the summer on 6 March
• at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010
• at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day
• at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day
• at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday
• at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

•I have a meeting at 9am.
•The shop closes at midnight.
•Jane went home at lunchtime.
•In England, it often snows in December.
•Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
•There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
•Do you work on Mondays?
•Her birthday is on 20 November.
•Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:


Expression Example

• at night The stars shine at night.
• at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
• at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
• at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
• at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

• in on
• in the morning on Tuesday morning
• in the mornings on Saturday mornings
• in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
• in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

•I went to London last June. (not in last June)
•He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday)
•I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
•We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

visit :

.englisch-hilfen.

www.eslgold.com 

englishclub 

Kinds of modals such as:

Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.

Modals in the past form
are used in the past time.They are could, would, should, and might.

Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.

Can be used in every tenses.
a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used

To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.
To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my cat in your back yard?
To express present possibility:
We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

When could is used in the past, it means was able to.

Example:
I was able to find a parking space.

to express a reapeated action in the past
When would is used in the past, it means “used to”,
for example:

When i was younger, I would run two hours every day.

This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t.
to express more polite (request)

b.Would you (please) feed the dog?

When would is used in the present, it show more polite.
For unreal condition

• Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)
• Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)
• Would, can is used in the past and present.

c. Might is the past tense of may.

Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?
To express future possibility.
She might be my advisor next semester.
To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
- Might is considerably more tentative than may


d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.

Example:
When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Postdam. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
i really should be in the office by 7:00 am. (obligation)
By now, they should already be in Dubai.
(expectation)

Example in dialogue:
Chika : Hy eka....Are you busy?
Eka : No, i`m not busy...What`s happen?
Chika : Oh...Good..I want you help me...
Would you help me, please?
Eka : Yes, why not...?What can I do for
you...?
Chika : Hmm...help me please...to clean my
garden now....
Eka : ??????.......No....I won`t.......Sorry.......

  Example :

Rizky : Oh...I miss grandchild...I want to meet him.

Fanny : Don`t be sad grandma, Andre might visit us on Saturday...

Rizky : Really...? Oh,i`m so happy...

Fanny : Yups, of course...

English Page

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example:
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.


INDIRECT SPEECH
indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech
For example:
Direct speech :"I'm going to the cinema", he said.
Indirect speech : He said he was going to the cinema.


TENSE CHANGE
• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind

Present simple
Past tense

direct : Vita said “ I eat fried rice”

indirect :Vita said that she ate fried rice.


Past simple


Past perfect

direct : Mother said “ I went to market yesterday”

indirect : Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.


Future simple


Past future

direct : Dave said “ I will buy an i-pod next week’

indirect : Dave said (that) he would buy an i-pod the week after


Present continuous


Past continuous

direct : Gama said “ I’m playing football”

indirect : Gama said he was playing football


Past continuous


Past perfect continuous

direct : She said “ I was teaching earlier”

indirect : She said she had been teaching earlier


when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words
such as tell say as follow by “that clause”

example :
my mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock
In time expression and pronouns

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
• Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
• The two forms should have the same tenses

AGENT (OR BY AGENT)

IN A PASSIVE CLAUSE, WE USUALLY USE A PHRASE BEGINNING WITH BY IF WE WANT TO MENTION THE AGENT - THE PERSON OR THING THAT DOES THE ACTION, OR THAT CAUSES WHAT HAPPENS.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE SANDWICH EVERY MORNING.

SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)

THE SANDWICH IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.


SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)



WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)

Here are the examples:

1. A young boy is catching a butterfly.
2. A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.

• Yano has returned the book to the library.

• The book has been returned to the library by Yano.

Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence

 FOR INSTANCE:

John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object

Passive: The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend

Hey, how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:

People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE) FOR YOU…

 Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
 The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)

 Ku Klux Klan killed many innocent people.
 Many innocent people were killed by Ku Klux Klan

 Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
 The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia

Learn english

Offering to older people:

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?

Offering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:

• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:

• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduced mainly to make the meaning of B easier to understand.

Example of Introductory “it” :

• To watch musical programs is pleasant.
• It is pleasant to watch musical program.

• To play football must be fun.
• It is fun to play football 

 Let's learn with English Practice :

Introductory it part I

Introductory it part II

Example of finite verb :

• I cook, she reads, Anto went

• Dina has eaten when Ria come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.

• Tamara was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.


Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle


For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example:

• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words.
see the Noun examples

• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences

1. Subject of the sentence
2. Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun

For example:
I like swimming
The word ‘swimming’
is a gerund

HOW DO WE identify noun phrases in the sentences?
GUYS,…

Today we are learning about NOUN PHRASES

WELL, LET’S SEE …

PHRASES
A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...

Subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

Object of a verb 

They have found Eugene's goal.


Object of a preposition 

The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring break up.

Subject complement 

Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.

Object complement 

I consider Loki my favourite cat.

Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

•Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
•Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used.

Example:Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence:Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.


The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan

EXAMPLE NEWS ITEM :

Formal expressions

• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember ....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond

• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that.
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions

• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond

• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know ….
• It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m afraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
• Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How


Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.


Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

To express surprise or disbelief:

• What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious?
• You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise: 

A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Disbelief:

A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
Do you know what?
Believe it or not?
You may not believe it, but …
Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
Really?
Are you joking?
Oh?
Where? Show me.

Example :

Hanna was surprised because she does not know that she was being recorded

1.Future tense “will”

•To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.

Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

•To offer to do something.

Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: Don’t worry.I will lend you.

•To assert an agreement to do something.

Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

•To ask someone to do something.

Example=A:It’s very hot in my room.
B: Certainly.


2.Future tense “shall”

•To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?

Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3.Future tense “be going to”

•To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example=A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot.I’m going to send it tonight.

•To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.

Example= A: The sky is very dark.What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.

1.Positive (+):

a.Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b.Subject + to be + going to + VI

Example:I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.
2.Negative (-)

a.Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example:I shan’t buy ashirt.
He won’t clean the room.

Note:shall not = shan’t Will not = won’t

b.Subject + to be + not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present.

3.Interrogative (?)

a.Shall/will + subject + VI ?

Example: Will we play tennis?

b.to be + subject + going to + VI ?

Example: Is she going to write a story?

Congratulating:

• Congratulations!
• Congratulations on your success!
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Happy anniversary!

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

• on his/her general appearance
• if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• when you visit someone’s house for the first time
• when other people do their best

Complimenting:

• What a nice dress!
• You look great.
• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
• I really must express my admiration for your dance.
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Nice work!
• Good job!

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

• Thank you very much
• Thank you for your help
• I’m really very grateful to you
• You’re welcome
• Don’t mention it
• It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
• I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
• I am grateful to your help

Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing

Significant Grammatical Features

• Focus on specific Participant
• Use of attributes and identifying Processes
• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
• Use of simple present tense  

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features

• Focus on Specific Participantas
• Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of epithets Classifiers in nominal grups.
• Use of simple present tense

The features: CIRI KETERBATASAN

• Nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house, my rabbit, dsb

• Simple present tense

• Detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek misalnya she a sweet young lady

• Berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya : two strong legs, dsb

• Relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek. Misalnya : My mum is really cool, it has very thick fur, dsb

• Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi   penulis tentang subjek, misalnya : police believe the suspect is armed. I think it is a clever animal, dsb. Action verbs, misalnya : our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.

• Adverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut. Misalnya : fast, at the three house, dsb.

• Bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metaphor, misalnya : John is white as chalk,   sat, tight, dsb.

Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.


Description :
Describes part qualities & characteristic.


Linguistic features :

1.Specific participants.
2.Linking verbs.
3.Simple present.
4.Adjective.
5.Noun phrase.

Look this






Rafflesia   Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of  the  flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This   enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia,   including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in   diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves,   stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not   photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition.   The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which   surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the   flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction   parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces   with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which   some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The   flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.