There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words.
see the Noun examples

• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences

1. Subject of the sentence
2. Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun

For example:
I like swimming
The word ‘swimming’
is a gerund

HOW DO WE identify noun phrases in the sentences?
GUYS,…

Today we are learning about NOUN PHRASES

WELL, LET’S SEE …

PHRASES
A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...

Subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

Object of a verb 

They have found Eugene's goal.


Object of a preposition 

The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring break up.

Subject complement 

Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.

Object complement 

I consider Loki my favourite cat.

Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

• Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
• Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.

•Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
•Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used.

Example:Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence:Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.


The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.

Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.

Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

Headlines are not always complete sentences.

Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan

EXAMPLE NEWS ITEM :

Formal expressions

• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember ....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond

• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that.
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions

• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond

• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know ….
• It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m afraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
• Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

The use of WH-Questions
What
When
Where
Why
Who
How


Combined with to be
What is ……. Your name?
When was ……. He born?
Where are ………. The tickets?
Why were …………. They here?
Who are ……….. Those people?
How is ……. Helen?

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
etc

Asking for information:
I’d like to know about this novel
I’m interested in the characters
Could you tell me more about it?
Do you know the plot?
Could you find out the solution?
Could I ask about the conflict?
Do you happen to know the writer?
Etc.

Guessing:
I’d say … I know where to find the book
It could be … somewhere in the library
Perhaps it’s … on the top of the shelf
I think it’s … not there anymore
It looks like … someone has taken the book
It’s difficult to say, but I’d guess …
It’s being borrowed by a student

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a table
2. What is that? That is a chair.
3. What’s this? It’s a pen.
4. What’s that? It’s an apple.
5. What are these? These are pencils.
6. What are those? Those are books.
7. Where is Mr. King? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Knight? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Johnny? He’s in the house.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 9:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s delicious.


Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

To express surprise or disbelief:

• What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious?
• You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise: 

A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Disbelief:

A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
Do you know what?
Believe it or not?
You may not believe it, but …
Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
Really?
Are you joking?
Oh?
Where? Show me.

Example :

Hanna was surprised because she does not know that she was being recorded

1.Future tense “will”

•To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.

Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

•To offer to do something.

Example= A: I don’t have a pen to write.
B: Don’t worry.I will lend you.

•To assert an agreement to do something.

Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

•To ask someone to do something.

Example=A:It’s very hot in my room.
B: Certainly.


2.Future tense “shall”

•To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?

Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3.Future tense “be going to”

•To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example=A: Did you send my letter for her?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot.I’m going to send it tonight.

•To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.

Example= A: The sky is very dark.What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.

1.Positive (+):

a.Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b.Subject + to be + going to + VI

Example:I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.
2.Negative (-)

a.Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example:I shan’t buy ashirt.
He won’t clean the room.

Note:shall not = shan’t Will not = won’t

b.Subject + to be + not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present.

3.Interrogative (?)

a.Shall/will + subject + VI ?

Example: Will we play tennis?

b.to be + subject + going to + VI ?

Example: Is she going to write a story?

Congratulating:

• Congratulations!
• Congratulations on your success!
• Happy birthday!
• Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
• Merry Christmas!
• Happy New Year!
• Happy Valentine!
• Happy anniversary!

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example:

• on his/her general appearance
• if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• when you visit someone’s house for the first time
• when other people do their best

Complimenting:

• What a nice dress!
• You look great.
• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
• I really must express my admiration for your dance.
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Nice work!
• Good job!

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking:

• Thank you very much
• Thank you for your help
• I’m really very grateful to you
• You’re welcome
• Don’t mention it
• It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
• I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
• I am grateful to your help

Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing

Significant Grammatical Features

• Focus on specific Participant
• Use of attributes and identifying Processes
• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
• Use of simple present tense  

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features

• Focus on Specific Participantas
• Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of epithets Classifiers in nominal grups.
• Use of simple present tense

The features: CIRI KETERBATASAN

• Nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house, my rabbit, dsb

• Simple present tense

• Detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek misalnya she a sweet young lady

• Berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya : two strong legs, dsb

• Relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek. Misalnya : My mum is really cool, it has very thick fur, dsb

• Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi   penulis tentang subjek, misalnya : police believe the suspect is armed. I think it is a clever animal, dsb. Action verbs, misalnya : our new puppy bites our shoes, dsb.

• Adverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut. Misalnya : fast, at the three house, dsb.

• Bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metaphor, misalnya : John is white as chalk,   sat, tight, dsb.

Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.


Description :
Describes part qualities & characteristic.


Linguistic features :

1.Specific participants.
2.Linking verbs.
3.Simple present.
4.Adjective.
5.Noun phrase.

Look this






Rafflesia   Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of  the  flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This   enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia,   including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in   diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves,   stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not   photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition.   The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which   surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the   flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction   parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces   with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which   some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The   flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.