How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.


Several expressions of sympathy :



— I’d like to express my deepest condolences

— I’m sorry to hear that

— I’m awfully sorry about…

— Oh, how awful!

— Oh, dear!

— You must be very upset

— Oh, what a shame

— How pity you are!

— How terrible / awful for you



Example of dialogue that expresses sympathy in a certain situation :


Deriven : Hey ! What’s wrong with you ?

Noni : My homework is lost. I forget to put in my bag.

Deriven : I’m sorry to hear that.

Formula :
(+) S + To be + O
S + Verb (+s/es) + O
(-) S + to be + O
S + Do/Does + not + Verb + O
(?) To be + S + O + ?
Do/Does + S + Verb + O + ?


Simple present tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations and emotions or wishes.


Adverb of time :

•Always
•Never
•Every
•Often
•Seldom
•Usually
•Sometimes


Verbal sentence
Formula :
(+) S + Verb I (-s/-es) + O
(-) S + do/does + not + verb I + O
(?) Do/does + s + verb I + O + ?



Non Verbal sentence
Formula :
(+) S + to be (am/is/be) + noun /adjective/adverb
(-) S + to be + not + noun /adjective/adverb
(?) To be + S + noun/adjective/adverb

This is shapes and body parts.So, you can learn it and see your body part ... :)

Pattern A : S + to be (was/were) + O
(+) S + was/were + O
(-) S + was/were + not + O
(?) Was/were + S + O + ?


Example :
(+) I was a student
(-) I was not a student
(?) Was I a student ?

Pattern B : S + verb II + O
(+) S + verb II + O
(-) S + did + not + verb I + O
(?) Did + S + verb I + O + ?



Example ;
(+) I saw the girl
(-) I did not see the girl
(?) Did I see the girl ?


Time signal :
•Yesterday
•Last night
•An hour ago
•In (year)
•The other day
•Every day last year
•Last year


Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?


Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling


Simple Past Tense is a kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past


The pattern :
(+) Subject + verb II + complement
(-) Subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?) Did + subject + verb I


The examples :
(+) I went to Tangkiling yesterday
(-) I did not go anywhere last night
(?) Did you go last week?


Adverbs used : yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, a few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.
The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement


Examples:
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?


Adverbs used :
from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.

Pattern I : S + have/has + been + complement
Pattern II : S + have/has + Verb III + O/adverb

Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form:

I have arrived.

A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has:

I have not arrived.

Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has:

Has she arrived?


Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened


The pattern :
(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement


Example :
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?


Adverbs used :
from 1998 to 1999, once, twice, etc.


Past Future Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.


Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + complement
Pattern II : S + would/should + have + verb III + O/adverb


Present Future Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time at the future.


Pattern I : S + (except I) + will/shall + have + been + complement
Pattern II : S + will/shall + have + Verb III + O/adverb

The generic structure of Descriptive text :

Identification :
Identifies phenomenon to be described.


Description :
Describes part qualities & characteristic.


Linguistic features :

1.Specific participants.
2.Linking verbs.
3.Simple present.
4.Adjective.
5.Noun phrase.

Look this




Rafflesia Arnoldii is a rare flower that is well known because of the size of the flower's petals and the smell of rotten meat that it gives out.

This enormous and rare flower grows in the forest of Southeast Asia, including the Phillipines. Its large flower can grow to 3 meters in diameter and weigh up to 11 kilograms. It does not have any leaves, stem, or roots and because of lacking clorophyls this plant can not photosynthesize making it a parasite, living on other plants nutrition. The flower has five petals red in colour and has white spots, which surrounds the middle of the flower much like a hole. At the base of the flower there is a part which has needles and contains the reproduction parts of the flower.

Rafflesia Arnoldii reproduces with the help of flies that are attracted to the flowers smell (which some observers say smells much like bad meat and rotten eggs mixed). The flower only lasts for five to seven days and then dies.

Kind of happiness expression ;
1.    Gestures
2.    Words

What would you say to express your happiness?

• I’m happy……
• I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….
• I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it
• I am so glad to hear that
• Great!
• Terrific!
• Fantastic!

Example:

 When my friends are happy in class and watch it ....

How do you greet other people?
Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening
Hello, Ewo
Hello, Agnes
How are you?
How’s everything with you?
How’s life ?
How are you getting along ?
How are you doing ?

Responding :
Hi/Hello
Good Morning,Deriven.Morning
Fine, thanks
Pretty good, thanks
I’m well, thanks
Not bad, thanks. And you?

How do you  introduce yourself?
Let me ( allow me to ) introduce myself, my name is Deriven
Hello, I’m Tiani
Hi, I’m Nona Noni. You can call me Noni.
Hello, my name is Fanny Pratiwi


How do you introduce other people?
I would like to introduce Ria Saputri
I would like you to meet Grace
Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is Agus Kuncoro

How do you close or end your conversation?
Well, I should be going now. See you!
I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later
Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!

Leave-taking :
Good night, Mom /dad
See you tomorrow
Good bye / bye-bye / bye
See you later
I’m sorry. I must go now
See you around
Have a nice trip

Responding :
Good night,dear.
See you
Good bye / bye-bye / bye
So long
Thanks

Appointment is to tell us or someone that you will definitely do something.

Making an Appointment

•  I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian
• I want to make an appointment to see…..
• I’d like you to come and see
• Can I come and see you?
•  I’ll be there
• What about….(thank you)

Accepting an Appointment
      o  All right, see you there
      o  No problem, I’m free on….(Thursday)
      o  Be there on time
      o  I’ll wait for you
      o  It’s a deal

Canceling an Appointment
      •  I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment
      •  I’m sorry, I’m very busy
      •  I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with….(Dr. Stephen Tong) tomorrow morning

Changing an Appointment
      •  What about …..(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
      •  Is that ok, if we meet at…..
      •  Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
      •  Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
      •  Do you have another time this afternoon

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention  to what we want to.

The example expressions of gaining attention :

•  Attention, please
•  May I have your attention, please?
•  Excuse me, look here!
•  Listening to me, please
• Waiter?
•  I’m sorry, but…
• Wow really?

Giving Instruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.

(Instruction = Procedure dalam bahasa Indonesia bisa dikatakan sebagai instruksi atau prosedur) Giving Instructions and Procedure Text are not same because in Giving Instructions don’t have steps and materials like Procedure Text and it is only command tense)

The example expressions of giving instruction :

Note : The tense used in giving instruction is “simple present”

In writing an announcement, keep the following points

1. the title/type of event,
2. Date/time, place and
3. contact person

Example :

Function of advertisement :
•    Promotion
•    Communication
•    Information

    In making an advertisement keep the following points
1. Language of advertisement :
•    Using the correct or suitable words.
•    Using the interesting and suggestive expression.
•    Using positive expression
•    Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals.


2. Content of advertisement :
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not mocking to group or other producer

Mobile Billboards  
 Mobile Billboards are flat-panel campaign units in which their sole purpose is to carry advertisements along dedicated routes selected by clients prior to the start of a campaign. Mobile Billboard companies do not typically carry third-party cargo or freight. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including:
•    Target advertising
•    One day, and long term campaigns
•    Convention
•    Sporting events
•    Store openings or other similar promotional events
•    Big advertisements from smaller companies


Public service advertising
The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation, and global warming.

Commercial advertising
Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches,, magazines, newspapers, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is commercial advertising.

Covert advertising
Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them "classics," because the film is set far in the future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also showcase futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, Vaio, and cars are featured in recent James Bond films, Casino Royale.

Example :
This is my friend's advertisement.Why I use it to my blog ? Because I think it is the best video in my class so watch it ... !

The generic structures of recount text are  :

1. Orientation ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
2. Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
3. Re-orientation  (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident

The significant Lexicogrammatical features :
◦    Use of simple past tense
◦    Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)
◦    Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

Example :
    Mr. and Mrs. Charly  was on a tour to Europe.
    They were travelling on a guided tour to five countries.They were going to travel through the Netherlands, Belgium , Germany , Switzerland and France for to weeks.
The guide for the tour was a Swiss. On the first day of the travel the guide told them to check their passports, their traveler cheques and their foreign cash. He told them to keep them safely.
    They travelled in a comfortable coach with a toilet, music and video.The guide stopped the coach at may famous places.he explained the cultural importance of the places.They stayed in big hotels for the night and ate in the restaurants.
    On the way, they stopped at small restaurants to eat lunch. In big towns, they went for shopping.They bought many souvenirs of their friends.they enjoyed the two-week tour

The generic structures of the text:

• Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants (it answers the questions; Who, What, When and Where)

• Complication: A crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters.

• Resolution: A solution to the problem (for better or worse). Main characters find a way to solve the problem. Other generic structures of the text:

• Evaluation: (optional) a step back to evaluate the plight (the narrator’s viewpoint)

• Coda: (optional)Changes of the characters or lesson/value of the story

• Re-orientation: (optional)

Ciri kebahasaan/language features:
•    Nouns tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang dalam cerita, e.g. stepsisters, housework, etc.
•    Adjectives yang membentuk noun phrase, e.g. long black hair, two red apples, etc.
•    Time connectives dan conjunctions untuk mengurutkan kejadian, e.g. and, then, before that, etc.
•    Actions verbs dalam past tense, e.g. stayed.
•    Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan, seperti: said, told, dan thinking verbs yang menandai pikiran dan perasaan tokoh, seperti: thought, felt, etc.

 Kinds of narrative text:

•    A myth
•    A legend
•    Fable
•    A folklore

 Example :

    Once upon a time there was a beautiful place called Neverland where Peter Pan and Tinker Bell lived.Not so far from this place is the city of London where John, Wendy and Michael Darling lived.They really love the story of Peter.One day Peter Pan appeared and asked the children to fly to Neverland.They where excited to see the scenery and beauty of Neverland.Then, they were surprised to know the existence of a cruel pirate called Captain Hook.One day Captain Hook captured Tinker Bell and forced her to show Peter Pan’s place.In doing so all Peter’s friends, the Darlings were captured and taken to the pirate ship.Captain Hook frightened the children by putting them on the plank.
    Suddenly, Peter Pan appeared and stopped everything in a fierce duel, he threw Hook and all the pirates overboard.Hook was chased away by the crocodile and nobody cared to save him.
    The Darlings were so happy and thankful to Peter Pan. They told Peter their intention to go home.With the sprinkle of Tinker Bell’s Pixie Dust.Captain Hook’s pirate ship was sailing through the skies of Neverland, heading back to the Darling’s home in London.

In invitations usually written about person who invited, invitation program, time (day,date,hour), place, message with person who extending.

Kind of Invitation :

• Written
• Spoken

Usually in card invitation :

1. Purpose
2. Time
3. Place

There are two types of invitation.
    FORMAL INVITATION
    Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.


    INFORMAL INVITATION
    Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

This  time we only discuss about Verbal Invitation
    Extending (mengundang)

Formula:
Would you like + to + V1 +O/C ?

    for example:
•     I would like to invite you to come to my house
•    Would you like to come to my restaurant?
•    How would you like to go  camping with us next month?
•    If you are not busy, please try to come to my office
•    Are you free this evening?
•    Let’s go to the Jazz Festival!
•    Can you come?
•    Please try to come
•    We hope you’ll join us
•    If you don’t have any other plans, would you come to the café?
    note: frase yang bergaris bawah bisa diganti


Accepting (menerima)
•    I’d love to
•    I like that
•    That sounds great
•    Thank you for the invitation
•    That would be wonderful
•    I’d be glad to
•    That sounds like fun
•    It’s very nice of you to invite me
•    It sounds interesting

Declining (menolak) / refusing
•    I’d love to, but I can’t
•    I’m really sorry because I can’t come
•    Sorry, I’m really busy
•    I’d love to, but I won’t be able to
•    I’d love to but I don’t think I can

    note: Bisa ditambahkan alasan  


Example :

LANGUANGE  FEATURES :
•    Use of Simple Present Tense
•    Imperative tense
•    Temporal conjunction : first,second,then ,next finally….
•    Use action verbs


The generic structures of procedure text are  :
    Goal/aim ( or title)
    Materials (not required for all procedural texts)
    Steps (the actions that must be taken)

The materials :
•    2 slices of bread
•     humburger
•    margarine
•    mayonnaise
•    tomato sauce
•    vegetables

What to do (steps) :
1.    First,put the margarine on the pan and heat it.
2.    Second,put 2 slices of bread on the pan and heat it until well done.
3.    Next, to take 2 slices of bread on the pan, add humburger, and spread mayonnaise and tomato sauce.
4.    After that, add vegetables and close with slice of bread.
5.    Finally, serve it and the burger ready to eat.

 Download my presentation :

ENGLISH.pptx